Specular highlights saturate the sensor and hide shallow defects. How illumination geometry, not camera exposure, controls the result.
Transparent parts produce multiple edges because light refracts at both surfaces. How to identify which edge is real and which is a virtual image.
A blurred micro-hole edge is usually diffraction, defocus, backlight angular spread or pixel sampling - in that order. How to tell which one, and the limit each one sets.
A telecentric lens reduces height-induced magnification error but does not remove it. How to estimate the residual drift before you accept a tolerance.
Vignetting from an extension tube is geometry, not a faulty lens. How to calculate the usable magnification range before corners go dark.
A doubled edge on polished metal is a reflection artifact, not a lens defect. How to separate the two causes and what to change in the light path.
One evaluation zone in a real data set failed six cycles out of six, an NG rate of 1.0000.
Most inspection data is not wasted because it was wrong, but because it was never organised into something that supports a decision.
Moulded part flatness problems rarely have a single cause. This article separates the sources into processing, design and time-dependent effects, gives the verification method for each, and sets out the order to investigate them in.
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