FA Industrial Lens Selection Guide: Sensor Size, FOV, Working Distance and Inspection Accuracy

Part of the POMEAS Machine Vision Optics Selection Guides series — see the Machine Vision Optics Selection Guides index for all 16 articles in this set, grouped by the decision they support.

The reverse lookup — sensor plus required field to magnification — is tabulated in the sensor-to-field magnification matrix across 48 combinations; the rows that match the examples here are 1.420X for a 10 mm FOV on a 1.1″ Sensor, 0.473X for a 30 mm FOV on a 1.1″ Sensor, 0.284X for a 50 mm FOV on a 1.1″ Sensor and 0.352X for a 50 mm FOV on a 4/3″ Sensor. Each row also lists the published POMEAS bodies that reach that magnification.

1. Quick Answer

Quick answer: An FA industrial lens is commonly used in machine vision applications such as presence detection, appearance inspection, positioning, recognition, barcode reading, OCR and general dimensional checking. To choose the right FA lens, you should not start only from focal length. You should first confirm the camera sensor size, field of view, working distance, camera resolution, inspection accuracy, object surface condition and lighting method.

I am Tiger from POMEAS. In real customer projects, I often hear questions like: “Do you have a 25mm lens?” or “Can you recommend a 50mm industrial lens?” These questions are common, but they are not complete enough for accurate lens selection.

Choosing an FA industrial lens is not just choosing an 8mm, 16mm, 25mm or 50mm lens. It is a matching process between the camera, lens, lighting, installation structure and inspection target.

For general recognition, positioning and appearance inspection, an FA lens from the machine vision lens category is usually a practical choice. If the project requires high-precision dimensional measurement, stable magnification, very low distortion or reduced error caused by object height variation, then a telecentric lens may need to be evaluated.

2. When an FA Industrial Lens Is Needed

An FA industrial lens is suitable for machine vision projects where the camera position is relatively fixed, the object position is stable, and the working distance and field of view are clearly defined.

Its core purpose is not extreme precision measurement. It is mainly used to provide stable imaging, clear target recognition, positioning support and reliable inspection results.

Common applications include presence detection, appearance defect inspection, edge and contour recognition, QR code and barcode reading, OCR character recognition, robot positioning, PCB component inspection, metal part inspection, packaging and label inspection, general dimensional checking and automated production line inspection.

Based on my experience, an FA lens can usually be considered first when the project meets the following conditions:

• The camera and object positions are relatively fixed.
• The required inspection area is already roughly defined.
• The customer mainly needs clear imaging, recognition or positioning.
• The accuracy requirement is not extremely high.
• The project is sensitive to cost and installation space.
• The system uses a common C-mount industrial camera.

The advantages of FA industrial lenses are clear: many focal length options, reasonable cost, easy installation and wide application range. But an FA lens also has limitations. If the customer needs very stable dimensional measurement, especially micron-level measurement, or if object height variation affects measurement results, we should not simply say that an FA lens is always enough.

3. Camera Sensor Size: First Check Whether the Lens Can Cover the Camera

Camera sensor size is usually the first parameter I check when selecting an FA industrial lens. Many customers start by asking about focal length, but I usually do not recommend a lens only based on focal length, because focal length is only one result of the selection process.

The first thing to check is simple: how large is the camera sensor, and can the lens image circle fully cover it?

If the supported lens format is smaller than the camera sensor size, the image may show vignetting, blurred edges, lower edge image quality or increased distortion near the edge. For example, if a customer uses a 1-inch industrial camera with a lens that only supports a 2/3-inch sensor, the center image may still look acceptable, but the edge area may become dark, soft or unstable.

On the other hand, if the lens supports a larger sensor size than the camera, it can usually be used normally. The camera simply does not use the full image circle of the lens, which means some imaging area is unused.

This usually does not affect normal use. In many cases, it may even help edge image stability, because the camera uses the central area of the lens where the image quality is usually better.

So, when selecting an FA industrial lens, the first question should not be focal length. We should first confirm the camera sensor size, the maximum sensor format supported by the lens, and whether the lens image circle can fully cover the camera sensor.

4. Relationship Between FOV, Working Distance and Focal Length

Field of view, or FOV, refers to the actual area that the camera needs to capture. For example, if the object size is 30 × 40 mm, the actual FOV is usually not set exactly to 30 × 40 mm. In real equipment, we often need extra margin for product placement tolerance, fixture positioning error, edge inspection area and software recognition background.

So the real FOV is usually slightly larger than the object size.

However, a larger FOV is not always better. When the FOV becomes larger, each pixel covers a larger real-world area, and image detail decreases. When the FOV becomes smaller, image detail improves, but the inspection area becomes smaller.

Working distance, or WD, means the distance from the front lens element to the object surface. This point is important because many customers mistakenly think that working distance means the distance from the camera body to the object. In lens selection, these are not the same.

In real equipment, working distance is often limited by camera mounting height, lens length, lighting space, object height, mechanical structure, protective cover, motion mechanism and maintenance space.

Sometimes a certain focal length may theoretically meet the FOV requirement. But after installation, the lighting cannot fit, the lens is too close to the object, or the mechanical structure interferes with the optical path. In that case, the theoretical solution cannot be used in the real machine.

So if a customer only says “I need a 25mm lens” but does not provide working distance, it is difficult to judge whether that lens is really suitable. A better selection process is: first confirm the required FOV, then confirm the camera sensor size, then check the available working distance in the machine, and finally estimate the proper focal length range.

5. Common Machine Vision Calculation Formulas

In FA industrial lens selection, several common formulas can help us make an initial judgment. These formulas are useful for early estimation, but the final selection should still be confirmed together with the real lens specifications, distortion, working distance, lighting and installation structure.

For example, if the customer needs a 40 mm horizontal FOV and the camera has 4000 horizontal pixels, then the theoretical pixel resolution is about 0.01 mm per pixel, or 10 μm per pixel.

But this does not mean the system can definitely achieve 10 μm inspection accuracy. Real inspection accuracy is also affected by lens resolution, lens distortion, focus condition, lighting stability, edge contrast, calibration accuracy, mechanical vibration, object placement error and software algorithm.

So I usually do not tell customers directly: “Your theoretical pixel size is 10 μm, so your accuracy is 10 μm.” A more reasonable explanation is that theoretical pixel resolution is only the first step to judge whether a solution may meet the requirement. The real inspection accuracy depends on the stability of the entire imaging chain.

6. FA Industrial Lens Selection Steps

If we want to select an FA industrial lens more reliably, I usually follow the steps below.

Step 1: Confirm the Camera Sensor Size

First confirm the camera sensor size, resolution, pixel size and interface type. The lens must cover the camera sensor. Otherwise, vignetting or edge image quality loss may occur.

Step 2: Confirm the Required FOV

Define the actual field of view based on the object size and inspection area. The FOV should have some margin, but it should not be made too large without reason, because a larger FOV reduces image detail.

Step 3: Confirm the Working Distance

Check how much distance can be kept between the front lens element and the object surface. Lighting, mechanical structure and maintenance space should also be considered.

Step 4: Confirm the Inspection Accuracy Requirement

If the task is mainly recognition, positioning or appearance inspection, an FA lens is usually a good starting point. If the task requires high-precision dimensional measurement, distortion, calibration, lighting and mechanical stability must be evaluated more carefully.

Step 5: Decide Whether to Use an FA Lens or a Telecentric Lens

A standard FA lens is suitable for many imaging and inspection tasks. A telecentric lens is more suitable for high-precision measurement, low-distortion requirements and applications that require stable magnification.

If magnification will be adjustable rather than fixed, the control method has to be chosen as well: detented zoom lens selection compares indexed, continuous and motorized options.

Step 6: Confirm Lighting and Installation Method

In many vision projects, poor image quality is not always caused by the lens. It may also be caused by lighting. Metal, glass, black plastic and PCB solder joints all need to be evaluated together with the lighting method.

7. Common Selection Mistakes

Mistake 1: Selecting a Lens Only by Focal Length

Many customers directly ask for a 25mm or 50mm lens, but focal length is only the result, not the starting point. The real starting points should be camera sensor size, FOV, working distance and inspection accuracy.

Mistake 2: Ignoring Camera Sensor Size

If the supported lens format is smaller than the camera sensor size, vignetting and edge image quality loss may occur. This is especially important for 1-inch, 1.1-inch or other larger sensor cameras.

Mistake 3: Using a High-Resolution Camera with a Low-Resolution Lens

A high-resolution camera does not automatically produce a clear image. If the lens resolution is not sufficient, the camera cannot fully perform, and the final image may still look soft or unclear.

Mistake 4: Forcing an FA Lens to Do High-Precision Measurement

FA lenses can be used for general dimensional checking, but if the customer requires high accuracy, low distortion, stable magnification and high repeatability, a telecentric lens should be evaluated seriously.

Mistake 5: Ignoring Lighting and Object Surface

Metal reflection, glass transparency, low contrast on black plastic and PCB solder joint reflection are often not solved by changing the lens alone. They usually need to be handled together with proper machine vision lighting.

8. Typical Application Examples

FA industrial lenses can be used in many automated vision projects, including PCB inspection, metal part inspection, packaging and label inspection, barcode reading, robot positioning and general industrial inspection.

In PCB inspection, FA lenses can be used for component presence detection, orientation recognition, QR code reading and general appearance inspection. If high-precision pad measurement is required, a telecentric lens may need to be evaluated.

In metal part inspection, FA lenses can be used for edge detection, hole recognition, surface scratch inspection and contour inspection. Since metal surfaces are often reflective, coaxial light, ring light, bar light, dome light or polarized light may be needed to improve image stability.

In packaging and label inspection, FA lenses are suitable for label position inspection, barcode reading, OCR recognition and print quality checking. These applications usually have a fixed FOV and working distance, and the main lens requirements are clear image quality, stable edges and acceptable distortion.

9. When an FA Industrial Lens May Not Be the Best Choice

An FA industrial lens is not the best choice for every vision project. In the following cases, a standard FA lens should not be the only option considered:

• The application requires high-precision dimensional measurement.
• Object height variation affects measurement results.
• Stable magnification is required at different object heights.
• Very low distortion is required.
• The FOV is large, but the accuracy requirement is also high.
• The system needs frequent magnification adjustment.
• The object is very small and requires microscopic observation.
• The application requires very large depth of field.

For these cases, a telecentric lens, telecentric zoom lens, continuous zoom lens, microscope lens, measurement system or special lighting solution may be more suitable.

10. What Parameters Should Customers Send to POMEAS?

To help POMEAS recommend a suitable FA industrial lens more quickly, customers can provide the following information:

• Camera model
• Camera sensor size
• Camera resolution
• Pixel size
• Camera interface
• Object size
• Required field of view
• Working distance
• Inspection accuracy requirement
• Inspection purpose
• Object material and surface condition
• Existing lighting condition
• Installation space limitation
• On-site photos or sample images

If the parameters are not complete yet, customers can first provide the three most important ones: FOV, working distance and camera sensor size. With these three parameters, we can usually make an initial lens selection direction.

11. Related Products and Selection Support

If you are selecting an FA industrial lens, the following POMEAS product directions may also be useful:

• Machine Vision Lenses
• Industrial Camera Lenses
• Telecentric Lenses
• Machine Vision Lighting
• About POMEAS
• Contact POMEAS for Lens Selection Support

If you are not sure whether your project should use an FA lens, telecentric lens or zoom lens, you can send your camera parameters, FOV, working distance, accuracy requirement and sample images to POMEAS. We can help evaluate the proper optical direction based on real application conditions.

MH Series Fixed-Focal Lenses: Model Selection Matrix

The MH range covers 21 fixed-focal models across four sensor formats, all with C-mount, manual focus and manual iris. All values below are from the POMEAS datasheets; field angle and object size are quoted for each model's own maximum sensor format. Where a format needs a wider field than a single-lens view can provide, compare with the zoom route before fixing a focal length.

MH28xx-10MP - 2/3 inch, 10MP

MH20xx-10MP - 1 inch, 10MP

MH20xx-12MP - 4/3 inch, 12MP

MH28xx-20MP - 1.1 inch, 20MP

Two selection notes. Sensor format is the first filter, not focal length: a 1.1″ sensor only survives on the MH28xx-20MP group; a 4/3″ sensor only on MH20xx-12MP. Focal length then trades field of view against working distance: for the same sensor, a longer focal length narrows the field angle but allows a larger working distance. Distortion figures are quoted at the largest sensor height the model supports, so a smaller camera will generally show less. Cells marked "n/a" are not stated in the published datasheet for that model and should be confirmed with POMEAS before they are relied on.

Related reading: FA industrial lens selection guide, Zoom lens vs fixed focal lens, 1.1-inch camera and telecentric lens matching.

12. FAQ: Common Questions About FA Industrial Lenses

Further reading: the test methods behind this article are documented in POMEAS Technical Reference how to measure FOV, working distance and magnification (§§8.1 FOV） + #s32).

Related reading

• What is a motorized zoom lens? — when magnification has to be recalled from a recipe instead of set by hand.
• Motorized zoom lens applications — the applications that justify a motorized zoom axis.

Sensor Format and Working Distance: The Measured Figures

Field of view at the specified distance

The selection guide above sets out the relationship between sensor size, field and accuracy. This section adds the measured figures so the relationship can be checked against real models rather than derived in the abstract. Across the POMEAS FA models that publish field of view, the value spans 8.4 to 89.1 mm (n=26) at each model's specified working distance. The span reflects the range of focal lengths rather than one design traded across formats.

Working distance span

Working distance across the same models spans 6.6 to 690 mm (n=6). The short end leaves very little space between the front element and the part, which limits both illumination and clearance for handling. At the long end there is room for a ring light and for a mechanism to approach the part without collision. That difference in available space often decides the model before any optical comparison begins.

Image circle before field

A model whose image circle matches the sensor format is a prerequisite, not an optimisation. If the image circle is smaller than the sensor, the extra area produces vignetted corners and degraded accuracy at the edge of the frame, and no field calculation recovers it. Confirming the stated maximum format first removes models from consideration quickly, and the field comparison then runs only between compatible options.

Field follows working distance for a fixed focal length

For a fixed focal length, moving further from the part widens the field and reduces object-space resolution. The two move together, so a requirement that asks for both a wide field and fine detail at the same distance is fixed by the focal length and cannot be tuned by adjusting the standoff. This is why field and working distance must be stated together. Specifying only one leaves the other free to vary, and the model that satisfies the stated one may fail the unstated one.

Putting the two figures together

For each candidate, read the field at the working distance the layout allows, not at the model's nominal distance. If the field is too small at that distance, the focal length is too long; if the resolution is too coarse, the focal length is too short. The measured spans above show that both ends of that trade exist in the range, so the practical task is to find the model in the middle that satisfies both at the distance the machine can provide.